İsho‘yahb III (öl.659) ve Mektupları
Adiabene'li
III. İsho‘yahb (649'dan 659'a kadar Doğu Kilisesi
Patriği idi. Adiabene, isim klasik Suryanca'dan türetilmiştir, merkezi Arbela
(Erbil) olan, eski Asur'daki bir Yahudi (Uydu) devletiydi. 652 yılı, Orta
Doğu'da köklü bir siyasi değişime işaret ediyordu. Bu tarihte Sasani
İmparatorluğu yıkılmış ve doğudaki Bizans hakimiyetinin büyük bir kısmı
Müslüman Arapların eline geçmişti. İsho‘yahb III’ün yazdığı 628 ile 658
arasında yazdığı mektuplarıdır. İsho‘yahb’ın mektuplarından yüz altı tanesi
günümüze ulaşmıştır. İslam öncesi Doğu Kilisesi'nin tarihi hakkında ve islam
fetihleri ve bu fetihten sonraki yirmi yılla ilgilidir. (630-656).
Piskopos olarak atandıktan sonra, İsho‘yahb çeşitli kişilerle
(keşişler, piskoposlar, patrik) çeşitli konularda canlı bir yazışma yürüttü.
İki mektup, Doğu Kilisesi'nin topraklarında Müslüman varlığı hakkında bilgi
verir. İsho‘yahb’ın mektupları, on üçüncü yüzyılda 'Abdīšū' al- Ṣūbāwī
kataloğunda zikredilmiştir. Assemani bazılarını yayınlamıştır.
İsho‘yahb’ın on sekizinci yüzyıldaki Bibliotheca Orientalis'indeki
mektupları. 1894'te Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge, İsho‘yahb’ın “The Book
of Governors, Historia Monastica of Thomas bishop of Marga A.D. 840”da, Charles
Kenneth Scott Moncrieff, “The Book of
Consolations, or the Pastoral Epistles of Mar Isho‘yahbh of Kuphlana in
Adiabene (1904)”de, Rubens Duval, “Isho‘yahb Patriarchae III liber epistularum”.
2 vols. Paris: ?, 1904-1905.”de, Jean Maurice Fiey, “Išoʿyaw le Grand. Vie du
Catholicos nestorien Išoʿyaw III d’Adiabène (580-690)”. In: OCP 35 (1969),
305-333; 36 (1970), 5-46”da, Sebastian Paul Brock, İşoyabh’ın “Syriac Views of
Emergent Islam” (1982)” adlı eserinde Müslüman Araplara bakışını, Victoria
Erhart “The Church of the East during the Period of the Four Rightly-Guided
Caliphs” (1996)” makalesinde Müslüman Arapların fetihten sonra ilk yılları,
yine mektuplarla ilgili, Ovidiu Ioan, “Muslime und Araber bei Īšō‘jahb III.
(649–659), Göttinger Orientforschungen, I. Reihe: Syriaca 37 (Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz, 2009”, William Galbraith
Young, Harald Suermann, Robert Hoyland, Mario Kozah, Martin Tamcke, Herman
Teule, Dietmar W. Winkler, Michael
Philip Penn, Karl Pinggéra, Marikje Metselaar yine İsho‘yahb hakkında
yazmışlardır.
Iskandar
Bcheiry “Išū‘yahb III and the Muslim Arabs”tan;[1]
“The fervent madness of the wicked and blasphemous people who are
mentioned here came about because of a satanic illusion. They found for
themselves an advantageous time for obvious reasons: First, the eagerness of
the current governors to hear them [the heretics], who are approaching them
with incantations of money and golden persuasion [bribes]. The second reason is
the multitude of evil assistants [of the governors], who in the past belonged
to their heresy and now are counted among the current rulers. The third is the
reception and success of the people of Tikrīt before the rulers there. Fourth,
and additionally, the influence of Satan which functions among the disobedient
children [of the church] who do not hold fast to living according to the love
of truth. Thus, they went by themselves as they wished and wrestled [against
the heretics] as they desired. However, they were unable to speak a wise word.
They did no even present a persuasive plea. They did not show a sign of
stewardship to the Lord. They did not accomplish anything worthy of persuasive
conversation with the governors. After they had completed their desire they
[some members of his church] returned to disturb us. They found out that the
governor of this place is openly supporting them [the heretics].
They went down to the dung-heap near the gate of our city since
they are the dung of the church. There, they made for themselves a house of
foulness and stupidity in the name of a church as a meeting place, located near
the place where all people usually would have to go for their natural
purification [i.e., defecation]” (Ep. 44B. 82).
“[I will narrate all of these in a letter: I mean,] how they [the
heretics] are provoking and troubling the governors and the people of the land
[against me] every day, and how I had to deal with such challenges by visiting
or by being driven before the rulers. I will write about all of these in a
letter, so that it [knowledge of Išū‘yahb’s activity against the heretics] will
be spread and made further known.” (Ep.
43B. 77)
“And if it happens that you [monks]
would give false excuses, or that the heretics would deceive you so that you
say: what happened occurred by the order of the Ṭayayē—this is entirely untrue.
For the Ṭayayē Mhaggrē do not assist those who say suffering and death came
upon God, the Lord of all. And if by chance they did help them for whatever
reason, you can explain to the Mhaggrē and persuade them in regard to this
matter, if really you care about it at all. Do all things wisely, O men, my
brothers. Give unto Caesar what belongs to Caesar, and to God what belongs to
God. And the Lord of the Most-High will do what He does, by His hands, all good
things for the benefit of those who fear Him.” (Isho'yahb III, Ep. 48B, 97).
“A short time ago, father, when we
were struggling by fighting the wicked ones, we instantly turned the face of
our thoughts toward you, O steady guardian of Orthodoxy. When we were ready,
and time allowed us, we wrote to inform you, with faithful reliance. Not long
after this trouble, but as we were beginning to write [a letter], the mercy of
the grace of the Lord suddenly hit us with an indescribable miracle, which
repelled the turbulence of the impious from here. Some of them were expelled to
far [places] and some of them to the holes of their hiding places, so that we
in astonishment were obliged to thank [the Lord], because it [the miracle]
brought back to us the accustomed peace. Not only that, but also, we have hope
that the demonstration of the power of Our Lord will get stronger in striking
the pride of the audacious wicked one, [i.e.] the ones [the heretics] who
already have begun to experience it. You may rejoice, O father, in these things
and give thanks because of them to Our Lord, as it is fitting. And you may pray
for the sake of [good] things in the future, hoping that a rich end will be
received through the grace of God for the glory of the holy Church, and for the
rejoicing of the faithful. As for me, I see the letter which was written a short
time ago to your holiness in the middle of the tempest of the difficulties. I
will send it along with this writing so that you will know more about the fight
of the servants of the devil and the amazing intervention of the power of God,
and the swift change that suddenly appeared to us from the incomprehensible
mercy. When you know about this you will be amazed, and when you are amazed you
will give thanks and praise. ” (Ep. 49B. 97–98).
“With regard to your people of
Mazūn, who left their faith for their own reasons, which is made clear by the
same people of Mazūn who themselves admit that the Arabs have not forced them
to abandon their faith, but only asked them to give up a portion of their
possession and [thus] keep their faith. Yet they abandoned their faith, which
is eternal, and retained the portion of their possession, which lasts for a
short time. And the faith, which was preserved by all the nations at the cost
of the blood of their necks, and which they are still preserving, through which
they gain eternal life your people of Mazūn did not retain it at the cost of
the portion of their possession.” (Ep. 14C. 251).
“As for the Arabs, to whom God has
now given rule over the world, and who are among us, as you know: not only do
they not oppose Christianity, but they praise our faith, honor our priests and
the holy men of Our Lord, and give aid to the churches and monasteries.” (Ep.
14C. 251).
“Rather than that your so-called
bishops would be satisfied by hostile impiety toward the Church of God, they
have aimed to show off their rebellion against the government of the Church of
God to the governors of that place, and to the Great Ruler,[2] the chief of the rulers of
this time, and they have in reality been despised by the governors just as
their rebellion deserved.” (Ep. 18C. 266).
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