Edessene Kıyameti (690?)
Yazar
Eksik
sayfalar nedeniyle orijinal başlık korunmamıştır;
Kitap
Elyazmaları
Edessene Kıyameti, iki Doğu
Suriye el
yazmasında kısmen korunmuştur. Paris Süryani 350'de, kolofonun
1646'ya tarihlendiği bir risaleler koleksiyonu, metinlerin daha uzun
parçalarını içerir. Edessene Kıyametik olsa da hikayenin
ortasında başlar ve kodeks eksik yapraklar. Metin, kanon hukuku
tartışmasından sonra, ancak Yunan teolojik terimleri ve teknik çevirilerinin
tartışılmasından önce yer almaktadır. İki yapraktan ve küçük metin
varyantlarından oluşan Cambridge Ek 2054 ve içeriği, Paris Süryani
350'nin orta üçte ikisi ile örtüşüyor. William Wright, sayfaları
on sekizinci yüzyıla ve Süryanice'nin büyük bir kısmına tarihler. Cambridge
Ek 2054, 1901 Cambridge el yazmaları kataloğunda
alıntılanmıştır. Fraçois Nau, 1907'de Paris Süryani 350'nin bir
baskısını yayınladı. Francisco Javier Martinez , 1985'te yayınlanmamış bir
doktora tezinde Cambridge Ek 2054'ün tüm varyantlarının
notlarıyla birlikte Nau'nun baskısını yeniden bastı.
Palmer, Andrew; Brock, Sebastian; Hoyland,
Robert. The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles. Liverpool University
Press, (1993); Thomas, David Richard; Roggema, Barbara; Sala, Juan Pedro
Monferrer. Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History (600-900).
BRILL, (2009); Hashmi, Sohail. Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads: Christian,
Jewish, and Muslim Encounters and Exchanges. Oxford University Press, (2012);
Penn, Michael Philip. When Christians First Met Muslims: A Sourcebook of the
Earliest Syriac Writings on Islam. University of California Press (2015);
Whalen, Brett Edward Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages: A Reader. University of
Toronto Press (2019);
“because of the oppression and evils of the Sons of Hagar. And the East
will be devastated by the sword and by many battles. For nation will rise up
against nation, and kingdom against kingdom, and their own sword will fall
among them. Armenia will be devastated, along with many cities in Roman
territory. And when of the years we spoke about there remain for the Sons of
Hagar one and a half weeks—that is, ten and a half years—their oppression will
increase. They will take everything gold, silver, bronze, or iron, [even] their
clothes, and their entire inhabitation . . . of the dead, so that the living
will pass by the dead and say, “Blessed are you who at this time are not among
the living.” Seven women will seize a man and say to him . . . , as it is written
in the good news of the gospel. And because of oppression, sorrow, and famine,
a man will fl ee from his wife and from his sons, and a wife from her husband.
Rainfall will diminish, and spring water and the trees’ fruit will come to an
end. At that time, because of the Sons of Ishmael’s impiety, all the earth’s
bounty will diminish.
Then, when these years that we have mentioned—one and a half weeks—have
passed, at the end of 694 years, the king of the Greeks will go forth. And he
will have a sign that [now] is in Rome [i.e., Constantinople]: the nails that
were in our lord Christ’s hands and in the thief’s hands. They had been mixed with
one another, and one did not know the Lord’s [nails] from the other’s. So they
threw them all together into a fi re, forged from them a bit (that is a
bridle), and hung it in the church. When a horse never having been ridden, nor
having ever worn a bridle, comes and of its own accord puts its head into that
bridle, the Romans will know that the kingdom of the Christians has arrived.
And they will take reign of the entire earth from the Sons of Hagar, etc. And
afterward, as it is written, [the king] of the Greeks will hand over his
kingdom to God [Ps 68:31]. Until this day, the bridle has remained [there].
Then the king of the Greeks will go out from the west. And his son [will
go out] from the south. Then the Sons of Ishmael will fl ee and assemble in
Babylon. The king of the Greeks will overtake them in Babylon. From there they
will fl ee to the city of Mecca. There their kingdom will end. The king of the
Greeks will reign over the entire earth. Bounty will return to the earth.
Rainfall, the trees’ fruit, ocean and river fi sh will [all] multiply.
There will be peace and quiet over all creation, all nations, and all
people. Then the living will again pass by the dead, but they will say,
“Blessed would you be [if] today [you were] among the living in this kingdom.”
The kingdom of the Greeks will endure for 208 years. Afterward, sin in the
world will again multiply. Once again in streets and assemblies [there will be]
open and public fornication, as of beasts, and the earth will become defi led
with sin There will be peace and quiet over all creation, all nations, and all
people. Then the living will again pass by the dead, but they will say,
“Blessed would you be [if] today [you were] among the living in this kingdom.”
The kingdom of the Greeks will endure for 208 years. Afterward, sin in the
world will again multiply. Once again in streets and assemblies [there will be]
open and public fornication, as of beasts, and the earth will become defi led
with sin.
Then the gates of Armenia will be opened, and Gog and Magog will go forth.
They consist of twenty-four tribes and twenty-four languages. When King
Alexander saw them eating the earth’s vermin, every defi lement, human fl esh,
the dead, and every abomination, as well as performing magic and all evil
deeds, [he] assembled them and forced them into those mountains and confi ned
them there. He asked God to bring the mountains together. And it was so. But
there remained between the mountains a twenty-cubit opening. He blocked that
opening with stones called magnets that stick to iron, extinguish fi re when
they touch it, and are unaffected by magic.
At the end of ages, these gates will be opened, and they will go forth.
They will defi le the earth. They will take a son from his mother’s lap, kill
him, and give him to his mother to cook. If she does not eat him, they will
kill her. They will eat mice and all abominable vermin. God’s mercy will be
removed from the earth’s inhabitants. Men will see all sorts of evil in their
days— famine, drought, frost, cold, and much oppression—such that men will bury
themselves alive in the ground. If God were not to shorten these days, all fl
esh would die.
Some say that they will reign two years and eight months, from when they
go forth until they perish. When they have gone about the entire earth and
reigned over the whole world, God will have mercy upon his servants. He will
gather them to the land where the Sons of Ishmael perished, that is to Mecca.
Then God will command the angels to stone them with hailstones so that all of
them perish and none remain. In their days, weights and measures will be
abolished. Their faces will be hideous, and everyone who sees them will hate
and fear them. The height of one of them will be an arm’s [length].
At that time, the Son of Destruction (who will be called the Antichrist)
will go forth. Through deceit and falsehood he will seize the world without
[using] a sword. His sin will exceed that of Satan. This is what Jacob-Israel
said to his sons: “Gather round and I will show you what will happen to you at
the end of days” [Gen 49:1]. He was referring them to [this] time. What our Lord
referred to will be fulfi lled. That is, Satan will unite with the Antichrist.
And just as the divinity united with humanity and performed signs and wonders,
[so too the Antichrist] will make public (but useless) signs. He will spread
strange and false rumors. Through falsehood and magic he will raise the dead
and [heal] the crippled and the blind.
He will be born in Tyre, [grow up] in Sidon, and dwell in Capernaum.
Therefore our Lord [said], “Woe to you, Chorazin. Woe to you, Bethsaida, and
you, Capernaum. How long will you be exalted? You will be brought down to
Sheol” [Mt 11:21–23; Lk 10:13–15]. Without a battle, he will reign over the
entire world and say that he is Christ. Along with his following, he will go
from place to place. He will have with him many thousands of demons, an
innumerable multitude. He will abolish off erings and altars. Crowds of Jews
will be the fi rst to come and be led astray by him, and they will say that he
is Christ. Brides will abandon their husbands and go after him. He will reign
over the entire earth. But he will not enter the city of Edessa. For God has blessed
and protected it. And he will not enter these four monasteries, which will
endure [as] the foremost in the world. Finally, he will enter Jerusalem and the
temple, as it was said in the Gospel, “When you see the abominable sign in the
holy place” [Mt 24:15] ([that is], iniquity, sin, and fornication, for the
abominable sign is the Antichrist). And when he enters Jerusalem, Enoch and
Elijah will then go out from the land of the living. They will rise up,
disputing and cursing him. When he sees them, he will dissolve like salt in
water, and he and the demons who entered him will be judged before [other] men
[are].
Afterward, the king of the Greeks will come to Jerusalem and ascend
Golgotha, where our savior was crucifi ed. Our Lord’s cross will be in his
hand. The king of the Greeks will be a descendant of Kushyat, daughter of
Kushyat from the king of Kush, who are called Nubians. And when [the king of
the Greeks] ascends [with] the cross in his hand, the crown that descended from
heaven onto the head of the former emperor Jovian will pass over the top of the
Lord’s cross. [The king of the Greeks] will raise the cross and crown toward
heaven. Gabriel, the chief of the angels, will descend and take the cross and
crown and bring them up to heaven. Then the king, everyone upon the earth, all
animals, and all livestock will die. Because his glory does not need light or
anything else, nothing will remain alive, [not even] that light which God
created for the children of Adam, the sinner. The stars will drop like leaves
and the earth return to as it was: empty and void.
When all these creations are abolished, immediately, in the blink of an
eye, the horn and trumpet will sound. The good and the evil will be gathered
because there is a single resurrection for everyone. Pangs will strike the
earth, as of a woman about to give birth, and Adam and all his children will go
forth. No one will remain without being immediately resurrected. Then a light
greater than the light of the sun will rise from the east. Our lord Jesus
Christ will come like lightning and fulfi ll everything that the prophet David
said: “A strong voice will go out from the east and be heard in heaven” [Ps
68:22]. The light [will distinguish] between the good and the evil. [The good]
will see the unequalled light, the likes of which has never been seen, because
there is a single resurrection for all but not a single reward. [As] for
sinners, there will be no torment greater than not seeing that light.
Then the hour of reckoning and judgment will come. The judgment is the
separation of the [good] from the evil. Language and speech will cease, and the
good and the evil will both go forth for judgment. The good will ascend to
heaven, and the evil will remain upon the earth. This is Gehenna for the evil.
As the teacher Mār Ephrem said, “The fi re is within the person himself like a
hot fever. Gehenna is in them.” Thus the good will ascend to heaven and to the
kingdom. There will not be a single reward for them. Rather, at that time,
everyone will be rewarded in accord with what they have done.”
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