Fredegar’ın Kroniği (7.Yüzyıl)
Günümüze ulaşan el yazmalarının hiçbiri yazarın adını
belirtmemektedir. Fredagar’ın Kroniğdir, muhtemelen yedinci yüzyılda
Burgonya'da yaşayan ve modern bilim adamlarının Fredegar adını verdiği
bilinmeyen bir yazar tarafından yapılan bir derlemedir.
Bir dünya vakayinamesi olarak, Adem'den 659/660 olaylarına kadar
olan tarihi kapsar. Derleme, Saint Gregory of Tours'un (538-94) ölümünden
sonraki dönemde Galya tarihi için tek kaynaktır. Yazar muhtemelen çalışmayı 660
civarında tamamlamıştır. Fredegar'a atıf sadece 16. yüzyıldan kalma. "Fredegar"
(modern Fransız Frédégaire) adı ilk olarak 1579'da Claude Fauchet tarafından
Recueil des antiquitez gauloises et françoises'de vakayiname için
kullanılmıştır. En eski el yazmasından kalem çizimi, MS 715
tarihlendirilmektedir. Önsözünde Isidore, Gregory, St. Jerome ve diğerlerini
kaynak olarak kullandığını kabul ediyor. Fredagar kroniğinde 363’daki Yermuk
savaşını anlatmaktadır.
Fransa Milli Kütüphanesi koleksiyonlarında bulunan Latince 10910
ile numaralandırılmıştır.
https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_20005/?st=pdf&pdfPage=7 (24.08.2022).
Fredagar’ın kroniği üzerine çalışanlar şu şekildedir; Claude
Fauchet (1579); Gabriel Monod (1885); François Guizot (1823); Bruno Krusch
(1882,1888); Ferdinand Lot (1914); Siegmund Hellmann (1934); Wallace-Hadrill,
J.M. (1958, 1960); Walter Goffart (1963); N. Ian Wood (1994); Paul Fouracre
(2000); Helmut Reimitz (2006); Gerda Heydemann (2006); Roger Collins (2007,
2009); Gerald Schwedler (2013).
The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar, Translated from the
Latín with Introduction and Notes by J. M. Wallace-Hadrill’ten
“The race of Hagar, who are also called Saracens as the book of Orosius
attests -a circumcised people who of old had lived beneath the Caucasus on the
shores of the Caspian in a country known as Ercolia- this race had grown so
numerous that at last they took up arms and threw themselves upon the provinces
of the Emperor Heraclius, who despatched an army to hold them. In the ensuing
battle the Saracens were the victors and cut the vanquished to pieces. The
story goes that the Saracens killed in this engagement 150,000 men; then they
sent a deputation to Heraclius with an offer to send him the spoils of battle;
but he would accept nothing because of his desire for vengeance on the
Saracens. He raised a great force throughout the imperial provinces and sent
representatives to the Caspian Gates, which the Macedonian Alexander the Great had
built of brass above the Caspian Sea and
had had shut to check invasion by the untamed barbarians living beyond the Caucasus.
Heraclius ordered these gates to be opened, and through them poured 150,000
mercenary warriors to fight the Saracens.
The latter, under two commanders, were
approximately 200,00 strong. The two forces had camped quite near one another
and were ready for an engagement on the following morning. But during that very
night the army of Heraclius was smitten by the sword of the Lord : 52,000 of
his mendied where they slept. When, on the following day, at the moment of
joining battle, his men saw that so large apart of their force had fallen by
divine judgement, they no longer dared advance on the Saracens but all retired
whence they carne. The Saracens proceeded-as wastheir habit-to lay waste the
provinces of the empire that had fallen to them. They were already approaching Jerusalem.
Heraclius felt himself impotent to resist their assault and in his desolation
was a prey to inconsolable grief. The unhappy king abandoned the Christian
faith for the heresy of Eutyches and married his sister'sdaughter. He finished
his days in agony, tormented with fever. He was succeeded by his son
Constantine,in whose reign the Roman Empire was cruelly ravaged by the
Saracens.” (s.55-55).
“This year the Emperor Constantine died and was succeeded as
Emperor, on the motion of the senate, by his son Constans, who was still a
minor. In Constans' reign the empire suffered very great devastation at the
hands of the Saracens. This year the Emperor Constantine
died and was succeeded as Emperor, on the motion of the senate, by his son
Constans, who was still a minor. In Constans' reign the empire suffered very
great devastation at the hands of the Saracens.
Having taken Jerusalem and razed other cities, they attacked upper
and lower Egypt, took and plundered Alexandria, devastated and quickly occupied
the whole of Roman Africa, and killed there the patrician Gregory. Only
Constantinople, the province of Thrace, a few islands and the duchy of Rome
remained in imperial control, for the greater part of the Empire had been
overrun by Saracens. So reduced, Constans became in the last resort their
tributary, merely controlling Constantinople and a handful of provinces and
islands. It is said that for three years
and more Constans paid one thousand gold solidi a day to the Saracens ; but then
he somewhat recovered his strength, little by little won back hisempire and
refused to pay tribute.' How this came about I shall set down under the right
year in its proper sequence; and I shall not remain silent if, God willing, I
finish this and other matters as I desire; and so I shall include everything in
this book that I know to be true.” (s.69).
“It was at the same time that Duke Eudo broke thetreaty; and when
news of this was brought to him, Prince Charles crossed the Loire with his
army, put Duke Eudo to flight and came back with the rich booty he had
collected in his two expeditions of that year. When Duke Eudo saw that he was
beaten and an object of scorn, he summoned to his assistance against Prince
Charles and his Franks the unbelieving Saracen people. So they rose up under
their king 'Abd ar-Rahman and crossed the Garonne to the city of Bordeaux,
where they burnt down the churches and slew the inhabitants. From thence they
advanced on Poitiers; and here, I am sorry to say, they burnt the church of the
blessed Hilary. Next they were directing their advance towards the like
destruction of the house of the blessed Martin but taking boldness as his
counsellor Prince Charles set the battle in array against them and came upon
thern like a mighty man of war. With Christ's help he overran their tents,
following hard after them in the battle to grind thern small in their
overthrow, and when 'Abdar-Rahman perished in the battle he utterly destroyed
their armies, scattering them like stubble before the fury of his onslaught ;
and in the power of Christ he utterly destroyed them. So did he triumph over
all his enemies in this his glorious day of victory !” (s.90,91).
“Once more the mighty race
of Ishmael, who are now known by the outlandish name of Saracens, rebelled and
burst across the river Rhóne. With the base, craven collaboration of the
heretical Maurontus and his friends the Saracens attacked in force the city of
Avignon strongly fortified on her rock; and they laid waste the countryside
wherever resistance was offered. But our noble Duke Charles sent against them
his illustrious brother Duke Childebrand, who proceeded to that region in
warlike array with the remaining dukes and counts. Childebrand lost no time in
bivouacking in the approaches and urs-surounding countryside of this
excellently provisioned city and in setting about his preparations for the
forthcoming engagement until the arrival of Charles, the great commander, who
forthwith shut up the city, erected siegeworks and tightened the blockade. Then
as once before Jericho, the armies gave a great shout, the trumpets brayed and
the men rushed in to the assault with battering rams and rape ladders to get
over walls and buildings ;and they took thát strong city and burned it with
fire and they took captive their enemies, smiting without mercy and destroying
them and they recovered complete mastery of the city. Victorious, therefore,
Charles, the dauntless, mighty warrior, crossed the Rhone with his men and
plunged into Gothic territory as far as the Narbonnaise. He invested its famous
capital, Narbonne itself. He threw up lines on the banks of the Aude inwhich he
installed offensive armament of the battering type. He then continued his lines
in a wide sweep round the Saracen emir 'Abd ar-Rahman and his viziers,
investing them so. He added carefully constructed works at intervals. When news
of this reached them, the chief lords and princes of the Saracens who were
still in Spain collected an army out of their united manpower to fight a
pitched battle, and set out bravely in arms to meet Charles under another emir Omar-ibn
Chaled. Our unconquerable Duke Charles made all haste to meet them upon the
banks of the Berre, at the palace in the valley of the Corbieres. 1 They fought
a hard battle, and the Saracens were routed and over whelmed, and when they saw
that their emir had fallen they broke and ran. The survivors, with sorne idea
of escaping in boats, swam out into the sea-lagoons. They fought among
themselves in their struggle to get aboard. The Franks were quickly after them
in boats with whatever weapons came to hand and pushed them down and drowned
them in the water. This was how the Franks reached the decisive victory, took
great spoil and booty and a host of prisoners. And then, under the command of
their conquering duke they laid waste the Gothic region. The famous cities of
Nimes, Agde and Béziers were burnt, and their walls and buildings he razed to
the ground. Their suburbs and the strongholds of that area were destroyed.
When, with Christ's help, who alone gives victory and salvation, his enemies
were destroyed, Charles returned without hurt to the land of the Franks and to
the seat of his power.”
“Waiofar continued secretly plotting against King Pippin. He sent
his cousin, Count Mantio, with other counts to Narbonne with the object of
capturing and killing the garrison, sent by the king to hold Narbonne against
the Saracens, either as they entered the city or on their way back home. It so
happened that Counts Australdus and Galemanius were making for home with their
following when Mantio fell upon them with a crowd of Gascons. There was a stiff
fight; but Australdus and Galemanius succeeded, with God's help, in killing
Mantio and all his companions. When they saw this, the Gascons turned tail and
fled. They thus lost all the horses they had with them. Up hill and down dale they
wandered; but few indeed managed to make good their escape. The Franks
continued home rejoicing, with great booty and many horses and trappings.”
News now reached the king that ambassadors whom he had sent to the
emir Amormuni of the Saracens had returned to Marseilles after an absence of
three years, and that they were accompanied by a mission from the Saracen emir
Amormuni with many gifts. The king received the report and thereupon sent off
representatives to welcome them honourably and to conduct them to
winter-quarters in the city of Metz. Furthermore the counts I spoke of above
who had been sent out to catch Remistanius were as good as their word; for,
with God's help and inasmuch as he was forsworn, they captured Remistanius and
his wife and brought them bound to the king's presence. The king promptly
ordered Chunibert and Count Gislarius of Bourges to hang Remistanius on a
gibbet in that same city. King Pippin now journeyed to the Garonne, where the
Gascons who live beyond the Garonne came to his presence. They gave hostages
and swore evermore to remain loyal to the king and to his sons, Charles and
Carloman. Many more of Waiofar's supporters came and submitted to his overlordship,
King Pippin magnanimously accepting their allegiance. Waiofar and a few
followers were in hiding in the Foret de Ver in the district of Périgueux
wandering about, uncertain how to avoid pursuit. Again King Pippin laid schemes
to capture Waiofar. First, coming to his queen at Chantoceaux, he summoned the
Saracen embassy that had been sent to winter in Metz to meet him in the
fortress of Chantoceaux. The Saracens there presented him with the gifts sent
by Amormuni, whereupon he gave to the Saracens of that same mission gifts in
return, and had them escorted with much honour to Marseilles. There the
Saracens took ship and returned to their native country. (s.118,119).
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder